Works Cited
News Articles, Journal Articles, Books, and Videos used for research of Police Use of Excessive Force
Works Cited
Adams, Rachel, “Michel Foucault: Biopolitics and Biopower” Transparency, New Trajectories in Law, Routledge, Jan 14, 2020
Adams, Ronald, J, McTernan, Thomas, M., Remsberg, Charles, “Street Survival: Tactics for Armed Encounters,” Calibre Press, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois, 1980.
Adelman, Clem, “Lewin, Kurt and the Origins of Action Research,” 1993
Adler, Jeffery, S., “Shoot to Kill: The Use of Deadly Force by the Chicago Police, 1875-1920”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XXXVII: 2 (Autumn 2007), 233-254
Albert, Geoffrey, P., MacDonald, John, M., Dunham, Roger, G., “Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision-Making During Citizen Stops,” Criminology, Volume 43, No. 2, May 2005, p 407-434.
Alexander, Blayne and Li, David, K. “Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp calls video of Ahmaud Arbery's fatal shooting 'absolutely horrific’: "I can tell you it's absolutely horrific and Georgians deserve answers," the governor said.,” NBC News, May 7, 2020
Alexander, Michelle, “The New Jim Crow,” The New Press, New York, 2020
Ali, Safia, Samee, “Officers in Freddie Gray Case Suing Marilyn Mosby: Baltimore State's Attorney Marilyn Mosby is entrenched in a legal battle in civil court. The cops she charged are suing her for a gamut of causes.,” NBC News, July 28, 2016
Appiah, Kwame, Anthony, Gates, Henry, Louise, Editors, “Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, The Concise Desk Reference,” Running Press, Philadelphia, 2003
Armstrong, Janice, Opinion, “The disrespectful handling of the victim’s remains by the city and Penn merits more investigation; The kind of disrespect we have seen in the handling of the remains of the MOVE bombing victims has gone on for way too long. Its’ time to end this sad chapter.” Philadelphia Inquirer Newspaper, May18, 2021
Araral, Eduardo, Fritzen, Scott, Howlett, Michael, Xun Wu, Ramesh, M., “Routledge Handbook of Public Policy: Global Development, Politics & International Relations, Social Sciences” 1st Edition, London, 2012
Associated Press, “Small Central Louisiana City’s Residents Want Mayor Recalled,” February 13, 2022
Babbie, Earl, “The Practice of Social Research 9th Edition”: Wadsworth Thomson Publishing: Belmont CA. 2001.
Bachrach, Peter, Baratz, Morton, S., “Two Faces of Power,” The American Political Science Review, December, 1962, Volume 56, Number 4, 1962, pp. 947-952
Balko, Radley, “Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America’s Police Forces” PublicAffairs, New York, 2014.
Bartolotta, Devin, “Timeline: Ronald Greene's deadly arrest by Louisiana State Police; Greene led police on a high-speed chase through Monroe on May 10, 2019. Troopers then got him out of his car, tazed him several times, beat him, and dragged him,” 4 WWL News Station, May 24, 2021
Bella, Timothy, Bikales, James, “Officer who killed Tamir Rice resigns two days into new police job,” Washington Post, July 7, 2022
BBC News, World, Flashback: Rodney King and the LA Riots, July 2002
Blain, Keisha, N., “Fannie Lou Hamer’s Dauntless Fight for Black Americans’ Right to Vote: The activist did not learn about her right to vote until she was 44, but once she did, she vigorously fought for black voting rights”, Smithsonian Institution Magazine, August 20, 2020
Boissoneault, Lorraine, “Understanding Detroit’s 1967 Upheaval 50 Years Later: For five days in July, the Motor City was under siege from looters and soldiers a like: Smithsonian Magazine, 2017
Bowman, Emma, “4 current and former officers federally charged in raid that killed Breonna Taylor”, NPR, August 4, 2022
Branch, Taylor, “At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years 1965-68”, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2006.
Brandl, S., Stroshine, Frank, M., “Who are Complaint – Prone Officers? An Examination of the Relationship between Police Officer Attributes, Arrest Activity, Assignment and Citizen Complaints about Excessive Force” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 29, 2001, p521-529.
Braswell, Michael, C., McCarthy, Belinda, R., McCarthy, Bernard, J., “Justice, Crime, and Ethics 6th Edition”, Anderson Publishing, Newark, New jersey, 2008
Braun, Aryn, Greenwood, Max, “The Laquan McDonald case: A timeline of the past year,” Medill Reports Chicago, Northwestern University, November 25, 2014
Brinkerhoff, David, B., White, Lynn, K., “Sociology,” West Publishing, 1985
Brown, DeNeen, L.,” A Black WWII veteran was beaten and blinded, fueling the civil rights movement,” Washington Post Newspaper, March 31, 2021
Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936)
Buker, Hasan, “Understanding the Police Use of Force,” International Journal of Police Science & Management, Volume 7, Issue 3, Fall 2003, p208-217.
Bulwa, Demaian, Burress, Charles, Stannard, Matthew, B., and Kuruvila, Matthai, “Protest over BART shooting turn violent, San Francisco Chronicle, July 8, 2009
Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Federal Law Enforcement Officers, September 2022
Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2018- Statistical Tables
Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Arrest-Related Deaths,” 2012
Cao, Huang, L., “Determinants of Citizens Complaints against Police Abuse of Power,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 28, 2000, p203-213.
Cao, Stack, L., Sun, Y., “Public Attitudes toward Police: A Comparative Study between Japan and America,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 26, 1998, p276-289.
Casarez, Jean “The outcome of the Freddie Gray case is a cautionary tale for prosecutors in the George Floyd case,” CNN, July 17, 2020
Castle, Taimi, “Cops and the Klan: police Disavowal of Risk and Minimization of Threat from the Far Right,” Critical Criminology, 29, 215-235 (2021)
Chappell, Bill, “Frank Rizzo Statute is Removed in Philadelphia: It is Finally Gone; Mayor Says,” NPR June 3, 2020
Chappell, Bill, “Derek Chauvin Is Sentenced To 22 1/2 Years for George Floyd's Murder”, NPR, June 25, 2021
Ibid 2021
Chi-Sing, Haley, “ Tamir Rice shooting: Officer Timothy Loehmann resigns from Pennsylvania Police Department after family outcry, Fox news Flash Headlines, July 7, 2022
Coker, Donna, Foreword: “Addressing the Real World of Racial Injustice in the Criminal Justice System,” Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Volume 93, No 4, Fall 2003, p827-879.
Congressional Research Service, “The Pigford Cases: USDA Settlement of Discrimination Suits by Black Farmers” May 29, 2013
Cooper, Christopher, “Patrol Officer Conflict Resolution Processes,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 25, 1997, p87-101.
Correia, M., Reisiq, M., Lourich, N., “Public Perception of the State Police: An Analysis of Individual Level and Contextual Variables,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 24, 1996, p17-28.
Cox, John Woodrow, Bui, Lynh, and Brown, DeNeen, L. “Who was Freddie Gray? How did he die? And what led to the mistrial in Baltimore?” Washington Post Newspaper, December 16, 2015
Crane-Newman, Mollie, “NYPD cop admits filing report after Eric Garner chokehold death claiming his sale of loose cigarettes was a felony was ‘total mistake,’ Daily news, October 26, 2021
Crenshaw, Williams, Kimberlee, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 6 (Jul., 1991)
Cruse, Harold, “The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual,” New York Review Books, 1967
Dahl, Robert, “Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City, 2nd Edition, New Haven and London , Yale University Press, 1961 and 2005.
Davis, Robert, Mateu-Gelabert, Pedro, Miller, Joell, “Can Effective Policing also be Respectful: Two Examples South Bronx,” Police Quarterly, Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2005, p225-247.
Death Penalty Information Center, “New DPIC Podcast: Former Illinois Governor George Ryan on Commuting Death Row and His Journey from Death-Penalty Supporter to Abolitionist,” October 15, 2020, https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/new-dpic-podcast-former-illinois-governor-george-ryan-on-commuting-death-row-and-his-journey-from-death-penalty-supporter-to-abolitionist
DeCarlo, Matthew “Scientific Inquiry in Social Work,” 2018
DeGue, Sarah, Fowler, Katherine, A., Calkins, Cynthia, “Deaths Due to Use of Lethal Force by Law Enforcement: Findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System, 17 U.S. States, 2009–2012”, National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information, Volume 51, ISSUE 5, SUPPLEMENT 3, S173-S187, November 2016
Del Carmen, Rolando, V. Criminal Procedure 7th Edition: Thomson Wadsworth: Belmont, CA. 2007
Department of Justice, Community Relations Service, Annual Report, (2003), (2004), by Sharee Freeman.
Dilanian, Ken, “Experts: Robot Bomb Used Against Dallas Was 'Reasonable', NBC News, July 8, 2016
Donaghue, Erin, “Officers and paramedics charged in death of Elijah McClain,” CBS News, September 1, 2021
Waldrop, Theresa, McLaughlin, Eliott C., Moghe, Sonia, Rabinowitz, , Hannah, “Breonna Taylor killing: A timeline of the police raid and its aftermath,” CNN News, August 4, 2022
Dorriety, Jonathan, K., “Police Service Dogs in the Use of Force Continuum,” Criminal Justice Policy Review, Volume 16, Issue 1, March 2005, p88-98.
Dunham, Roger, G., Alpert, Geoffrey, P., “Critical Issues in Policing: Contemporary Readings 7th Edition”, Waveland Press, Inc., Long Grover, Illinois, 2015
Dye, Thomas, “ Understanding Public Policy 11th Edition”, Pearson Publishing, New Jersey, 2005
Elassar, Alaa, “Black History Month: Paul Robeson,” CNN, February 11, 2021
Engel, Robin, Shepard, Calnon, Jennifer, M., “Examining the Influence of Drivers Characteristics during Traffic Stops with Police: Results from a National Survey,” Justice Quarterly, Volume 21, Issue 1, March 2004, p49-90.
Esty-Kendall, Jud, Ellfeldt, Avery, “ He Survived a Near-Lynching. 50 Years Later, He's Still Healing”, NPR, 2019
Etter, Greg, W., McElreath, David, H., Quarles, Chester, L., “The Ku Klux Klan: Evolution toward Revolution,” Journal of Gang Research, Volume 12, No.3, Spring 2005, p1-16.
Fenton, Justin, Rector, Kevin “Baltimore police union balks at policy requiring officers to pay some legal damages themselves,” Baltimore Sun Newspaper, February 7, 2018
Fischer, Frank, Gottweis, Herbert, “The Argumentative Turn Revisited,” Durham, NC, and London, Duke University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-8223-5263-1
Fitz-Gibbon, Jorge, “Ex-cop jailed in Abner Louima assault denied compassionate release,” New York Post Newspaper, February 8, 2021
Flint Taylor, G. The Long Path to Reparations for the Survivors of Chicago Police Torture, 11 Nw. J. L. & Soc. Policy. 330 (2016).
http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njlsp/vol11/iss3/1
Foucault, Michel, “Discipline & Punishment: The Birth of Punishment,” Vintage Books, New York, 1978
Foucault, Michel, “Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the College DE France 1977-1978”, Palgrave Publishing, New York, 2007
Franklin, Jonathan, “Aurora, Colo., will pay a $15 million settlement over the death of Elijah McClain”, NPR, November 18, 2021
Fried, Joseph, P., “After Killing by Police, a Family Raw Wounds Endure, “New York Times, 5 September 2004, Volume 153, Issue 52963, p35-35.
Friedman, Lawrence, M., Crime and Punishment in American History. New York: Harpers Collins Publishers. 1993.
Friedman, Warren, Lurigio, Arthur, “Greenleaf, Richard, Albertson Stephanie, Encounters Between Police Officers and Youths: The Social Cost of Disrespect,” Journal of Crime & Justice, Volume 27, No. 2, Fall 2004, p1-23.
Gambacorta, David, Laker, Barbara, “Frank Rizzo leaves a legacy of unchecked police b brutality and division in Philadelphia; As Philadelphia police commissioner and mayor, Rizzo oversaw a police force that became notorious for its violence.,” Philadelphia Inquirer Newspaper, June 3, 2021
Garnar, Andrew, “Power, Action, Sign: Between Peirce and Foucalt,” Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, Volume 42, Number 3, 2006
Graham v. Conner, 490 U.S. 386 (1989)
Graves, Chris, “The killing of George Floyd: What we know, the in-custody killing of George Floyd by a Minneapolis police officer ignited uprisings in Minnesota and across the nation, MPR News, June 1, 2020
George, Alice, “The 1968 Kerner Commission Got It Right, But Nobody Listened” The Smithsonian Magazine, March 1, 2018
Gilbert, Robert, E., “The Politics of Presidential Illness: Ronald Regan and the Iran-Contra Scandal,” Politics and Life Sciences, Fall 2014, Volume 33, No. 2
Goldstein, Michael, “The Other Beating: Fifteen years after his video of Rodney King reached the world, George Holliday looks back on how that night has hurt him,” latimes.com, February 19, 2006.
Grunwald, Immigrant Killed by Police, Mourned, Washington Post, 1999
Hansen, Drew, D. “the Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation,” New York, HarpersCollins Publishing, Inc. 2003.
Hansen, N., Goldberg, S., “Navigating the Nuances: A Matrix of Considerations for Ethical-Legal Dilemmas, Professional Psychology Research and Practice, Volume 30, May 1999, p495-503.
Hass, Jeffery, “The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther,” Lawrence Hill Books, Chicago, 2010
Hess, Karen, “Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice 9th Edition”, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 1989
Horne, Gerald, “The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America”, NYU Press, 2014
Horne, Gerald, Paul Robeson: The Artist as Revolutionary. Pluto Press, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19b9jxj
Hougland, Steve, Mesloh, Charlie, Henych, Mark, “Use of Force, Civil Litigation, and the Taser,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Volume 74, Issue 3, March 2005, p24-30.
H.R.1280 - George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1280, October 30, 2022
Human Rights Watch, Christopher Commission, Shield from Justice, 2000
Hunter, Floyd. “Community Power Structure: A Study of Decision Makers,” The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1953
Hutchison, Harry, G., “Arson, Violence and Riots in Response to Excessive Use of Force by the Police is Not the Answer,” ACLU, Public Policy, June 1, 2020
Illinois Wesleyan University, Action Research Center, 2022
Israel, Jerold, Kamisar Yale, LaFave, Wayne, “Criminal Procedure and the Constitution: Leading Supreme Court Cases and Introductory Text (2001 Edition), West Group, A Thomson Company, St. Paul, MN 2001
Ivancevich, John, M., Glueck, William, G., “Foundations of Personnel: Human Resource Management 4th Edition”: Library of Congress: U.S. 1989.
Ivkovic, Sanja, Kutnjak, “To Serve and Collect: Measuring Police Corruption,” Criminology, Volume 92, N0. 2-3, Spring 2003, p593-649.
Jameson, Larry, MD, PhD, Dean of Communication, “Statement on Penn Medicine’s Recognition of the Legacy of Albert Kligman, MD, PhD,” August 20, 2021
Janda, Berry, Goldman, “The Challenge of Democracy,” 10th Edition, Wadsworth Publishing, Boston, MA, 2009.
Jefferis, E., Kaminski, R., Holmes, S., Hanley, D. “The Effect of a Videotaped Arrest on the Public Perception of Police Use of Force,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 25, 1997, p381-395.
Jet Magazine, “Chicago Cops Kill G.I. Brother,” Johnson Publishing, Chicago, Illinois, October, 1969
Jimenez, Omar,” A federal judge accepts Derek Chauvin’s plea deal and he will be sentenced to 20 to 25 years”, CNN, May 4, 2022
Karimi, Faith, Shoichet, Catherine, E., “Dallas sniper attack: 5 officers killed, suspect identified”, CNN, July 9, 2016
Kennedy, D., Alpert, G., “A National Survey of Pursuits and the Use of Police Force: Data from Law Enforcement Agencies,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 25, 1997, p315-325.
Kenny, Jim, “City Issues Apology for Experiments Conducted at Holmesburg Prison Decades Ago” Philadelphia Department of Prisons: Mayor’s Office of Communications, press@phila.gov, October 6, 2022
Kerstetter, W., Rasinski, K., Heiert, C., “The Impact of Race on the Investigation of Excessive Force: Allegations against Police,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 24, 1996, p1-15.
Kim, Juliana, “Louisville officer who killed Breonna Taylor hired by police force in nearby county,” NPR, April 24, 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/04/24/1171597304/breonna-taylor-officer-myles-cosgrove-police-hired
Korte, Gregory, “Excessive force Lawsuits Lingering, City Resist Settling,” Cincinnati Enquirer Newspaper, June 22, 2002.
Kraemer, Kristin, M. “Benton County Sheriff recall has enough signatures to make ballot,” Tri-City Herald, May 6, 2021
Kunzelman, Michael, “Baton Rouge Police fire officer who fatally shot Alton Sterling in 2016”, PBS, March 30, 2018
Lacy, Akela, “Philadelphia Keeps Revisiting MOVE Bombing History because we Never Truly Learned It: Opinion; I was Young When I First Realized that Some of My Friends have Never Heard about MOVE,” Philadelphia Inquirer Newspaper, June 4, 2021
LDF Issues Statement on the Failure to Advance the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021”, https://www.naacpldf.org/press-release/ldf-issues-statement-on-the-failure-to-advance-the-george-floyd-justice-in-policing-a, October 30, 2022
Leatherby, Lauren, Oppel, Richard, A. Jr., “Which Police Departments Are as Diverse as Their Communities?” New York Times Newspaper, September 23, 2020
Lersch, Kim, Michelle, Mieczkowski, Tom, “Violent Police Behavior: Past, Present, and Future Research Directions,” Aggression & Violent Behavior, Volume 10, Issue 5, July 2005, p552-568.
Loewen, James, W. “Lies My Teacher Told Me.” The New Press, New York. 1995
Malcolm X at Oxford: 'They're going to kill me soon' Just before his assassination, the radical black activist took part in a debate at Oxford. Tariq Ali recalls their meeting, which left him in a state of shock – and is now the subject of a TV show, The Guardian Newspaper, February 19, 2019
Mark, Julian, “Black man paralyzed after abrupt stop in police van, attorneys say,” Washington Post Newspaper, June 29, 2022
Mastro, D., Robinson, A., “Cops and Crooks: Images of Minorities on Prime-Time Television,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 28, 2000, p385-396.
Martin, Michel, All Things Considered, “Gray Davis Reflects on His Recall, As Californians Decide Gov. Newsom's Fate,” NPR, September 12, 2021
Mastrofski, S., Reisig, M., McCluskey, J.,” Police Disrespect toward the Public an Encounter Based Analysis,” Criminology, Volume 40, 2002, p519-547.
McCrystal, Laura, “Investigation into MOVE Remains will go as deep as we can; Kenney says, vowing to reform Medical Examiner’s Office: We would like to be the administration that gets to the bottom of everything that happened; the mayor said during an expansive interview,” Philadelphia Inquirer Newspaper, May 18, 2021
McDade Aaron, “Brett Hankison, Ex-Cop in Raid That Killed Breonna Taylor, Acquitted,” Newsweek Magazine, March 3, 2022
McDonell-Parry, Amelia, Barron, Justine, “Death of Freddie Gray: 5 Things You Didn’t Know”, Rolling Stones Magazine, April 12, 2017
Micucci, Anthony, J., Gomme, Ian, M., “American Police and Subculture Support for the Use of Excessive Force,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 33, Issue 5, September 2005, p487-500.
Mills, C. Wright, “The Power Elite Theory,” Oxford University Press, 1956 and 2000.
Mississippi State University Libraries Website, https://www.library.msstate.edu/mpc/john-c-stennis, November 7, 2022
Mock, Lois, Felson, “Action Research for Crime Control and Prevention” (From New Criminal Justice: American Communities and Changing World of Crime Control, 2010
Montgomery, David, “The Death of Sandra Bland: Is there Anything Left to Investigate,” The New York Times Newspaper, May 8, 2019
Moore, Larry, R., Officer-Involved Shootings, and the Use of Force: Practical Investigative Techniques,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Volume 74, Issue 3, March 2005, p31-31.
Munoz, Jacob, “Judge who signed Breonna Taylor search warrant facing rare competition,” Metro Louisville, November 3, 2022
Murdoch, Sebastian, “Sacramento to Pay $1.7 Million to Parents of Stephon Clark, Unarmed Man Killed by Cops”, Yahoo News, August 13, 2022
Mustian, Jim, “‘I am Scared': New Video Shows Deadly Arrest of Black Man in Louisiana in 2019”, Philadelphia 10 News, May 2021
Nakamura, David, “Justice Department to Probe LA police over allege abuse of Black suspects: Ronald Greene, 49, was beaten, dragged and shocked with a stun gun at the hands of state police in 2019”, Washington Post, June 9, 2022
National Council of State Legislatures, “Investigation and Prosecution of Use of Force,” https://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/use-of-force-investigation.aspx, October 26, 2022
National Conference of State Legislatures website; www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/recall-of-state-officials.aspx, April 26, 2022
Nelson, Teresa, Legal Director, ACLU Minnesota, “News & Commentary, Two Years After the Police Killing of Philando Castile, Justice Continues to Be Denied, July 6, 2018
Nodjimbadem, Katie, “The Long, Painful History of Police Brutality in the U.S.: A protest placard in the Smithsonian collections could almost be mistaken for any of the Black Lives Matter marches of today” At the Smithsonian Magazine, May 29, 2020
Okpak/Getty, Joseph, “Questlove’s Top 50 Hip Hop Songs of All Time: What makes a great hip-hop song? Ahmir Questlove Thompson chooses his favorites,” Rolling Stones Magazine, December 17, 2012
Ortiz, Erik, “Elijah McClain was injected with ketamine while handcuffed. Some medical experts worry about its use during police calls: Ketamine, a powerful sedative, might be given by paramedics to calm people who appear agitated. But some medical and legal experts question its use during police calls, NBC News, July 3, 2020
Osder, Jason, “Let the Fire Burn,” PBS, Independent Lens, Documentary, May 12, 2014
Panico, Rebecca, “Father fatally shot by Newark cop was ‘loved by a lot of people; family says,” NJ Advance Media for N.J.com, February 23, 2021
Patterson, William, “We Charge Genocide: The Crime of Government against the Negro People” 2017
Perkins Whaley Clara, Communities Traumatized by MOVE Bombing Still Need Help to Fully Heal” , Opinion: “Beyond the apologies and investigation, the City of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, and Princeton University should also hold town meetings with communities harmed the MOVE Bombing.,” Philadelphia Inquirer Newspaper, May 24, 2021
Picht, Nick, “Breonna Taylor’s mom sponsors fundraiser opposing judge who signed warrant on daughter’s apartment,” 3 WAVE Louisville, November 2, 2022
Pitts, Leonard, Jr., ”The Groveland Four: An apology nearly 70 years in the making”, The Seattle Times, May 3, 2017
Politico, Opinion, “70 Years Ago Black Activist Accused the U.S. of Genocide. They Should Have Been Taken Seriously,” Politico News Magazine, December 26, 2021
Potash, John, L., “Drugs as Weapons Against Us: The CIA’s Murderous Targeting of SDS, Panthers, Hendrix, Lennon, Cobain, Tupac, and Other Activist, Trine Day Press, May 30, 2015
Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932)
Public Enemy, Fight the Power, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXCrkY5WNA0, May 24, 2023
Public Enemy - Shut 'Em Down (Official Music Video), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXCrkY5WNA0, May 24, 2023
Public Law 113-242, 113 Congress, Death in Custody Reporting Act 2013, 42 U.S.C. 13701
Quan, Douglas, “Excessive Force: Complaints Cluster at Lower Experience, Findings Argue for More Training,” The Press Enterprise, 15 July 2005, Section A, p A01.
Queally, James, “Watts Riots: Traffic stop was the spark that ignited days of destruction in L.A.,” LA Times Newspaper July 29, 2015
Rainey, Sherry, “Oregon Settles Excessive-force Lawsuit,” Oregonian Newspaper, October 21, 2008.
Ramirez, Anthony, Brick, Michael, “Bronx: 2 Officers Cleared of Abuse Charges”, New York Times, 9 February 2005, Volume 154, Issue 53120, pB6-B6.
Rashbaum, William, K., Moynihan, Colin, “5 Officers Charged with Trading Favors for Counterfeit Goods”, New York Times, 4 March, 2005, Volume 154, Issue 53143, p B1-B4.
Robinette v. Barnes, 854 F .2d 909, (1988)
Rosenfeld, Seth, “Man who armed Black Panthers was FBI informant, records show,” The Weekly Reveal, August 12, 2012, https://revealnews.org/newsletter/
Rosenbald, Michael, “A Black man accused of rape, a white officer in the Klan and a 1936 lynching that went unpunished”, Washington Post, July 19, 2020
Rosser, Edward, Kenneth, “The Creation of a Free-Standing, No Fees, Non-Profit Lay Christian Counseling Service: A Social Action Project and Contextual Essay,” 1993.
Sainato, Michael, “Remembering Arthur McDuffie: Days after police were acquitted in the beating-death of the salesman, Miami witnessed the 1980 McDuffie Riots”, The Miami Times, May 20, 2015
Shaban, Bigad, Campus, Robert, “SF District Attorney Chesa Boudin Officially Forced into Recall Election Next June,” NBC Bay Area, Januar11, 2021
Schmelzer, Elise, “Aurora officers, paramedics charged in Elijah McClain’s death appear in court; judge to make files public again: The five defendants are scheduled to enter their pleas in January,” Denver Post Newspaper, November 1, 2021
Schneider, Anne, L. Ingram, Helen, M., “Deserving and Entitled: Social Constructions and Public Policy,” Public Administration Review, Vol. 65, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 2005), pp. 635-637
Schuck, Amie, M., “The Masking of Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Police Use of Physical Force: The Effects of Gender and Custody Status,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 32, Issue 6, November 2004, p557-564.
Scott, Eugene, “Supreme Court justice affirms activists’ fears that police can ‘shoot first and think later,” The Washington Post, April 3, 2018
Shumaker, Scott, “Mesa pays 5.4 million to Settle 10 Claims against Cops”, East Valley Tribune, Mesa, Arizona, October 16, 2022
Segura, Olga, “Remembering the NYPD Shooting of Dominican Immigrant Kiko García and What It Means During Today’s #BlackLivesMatter Movement,” Latino USA, https://www.latinousa.org/2020/06/08/kikogarcia/, November 8, 2022
Smith, Bruce, L.R., “The Advisors: Scientist in the Policy Process,” Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institute, 1992
Son, I., Davis, M., Rome, D., “Race and its Effects on Police Officers Perceptions of Misconduct, Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 26, 1998, p21-27.
Spano, Richard, “Potential Sources of Observer Bias in Police Observation Data: Social Science Research, Volume 34, Issue 3, September 2005, p591-617.
Sonnleitner, Michael, Of Logic and Liberation, Frantz Fanon on Terrorism, 1987
Stamper, Norm, And Breaking Rank: A Top Cop’s Expose’ of the Dark Side of Policing, New York: Nation Books, 2005
Starling, Glover, Managing the Public Sector 6th Edition: Wadsworth Thomson Publishing: Belmont CA. 2002.
Staten, Clark, “Three Days of Hell in Los Angeles,” Los Angeles Times, 29 April 1992, p1-6.
Sullivan, John, L. Introduction to Criminal Justice. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1977.
Swartz, David, L., Recasting power in its third dimension, “Review of Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View,” New York: Palgrave MacMillian, 2005
Talty, Stephan, Mulatto America: At the Crossroads of Black and White Culture: A Social History,” HarpersCollins Publishing, New York, 2003.
Tarver, Marsha, Walker, Steve, Harvey, Multicultural Issues in the Criminal Justice System. Boston: A Pearson Education Company. 2002.
Tehrani, J., Mednick, S., “Genetic Factors and Criminal Behavior,” Federal Probation, Volume 64, 2000, p25-27.
Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985)
Terrill, W., Mastrofski, S., “Situational and Officer Based Determinants of Police Coercion,” Justice Quarterly, Volume 19, 2002, p25-247.
Terrill William, Reising, Michael, D., “Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Volume 40, No. 3, November 2005, p291-321.
Terrill, William, “Police Use of Force: A Transactional Approach,” Justice Quarterly, Volume 22, Issue 1. March 2005, p22-35.
Terrill, William, “Peer Group Aggressiveness and The Use of Coercion in Police-Suspect Encounters,” Police Practice & Research, Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2005, p19-37.
Terrill, William, Reisig, Michael, “Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force,” Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2005, p291-312.
Tesfaye, Eva, “Black and Brown farmers sue U.S. Government over repealed debt relief,” NPR, Harvest Public Media, October 13, 2022
Thebault, Reis, “Ex-officer who killed Laquan McDonald released after serving less than half his sentence,” Washington Post, February 3, 2022
The Equal Justice Institute, The Memorial for Peace and Justice, https://museumandmemorial.eji.org/ October
The Daily Pennsylvanian, “Inmate Lawsuit against University thrown out,” www.thedp.com, September 27, 2002
Time Magazine, What Martin Luther King Jr Really Thought About Riots, 1968
Total Injury, Inc, Georgia Secretly Settles Taser Case, 2006
Turkle, Sherry, “Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less From Each Other,” Basic Books, New York, 2011.
Tushnet, Mark, V., “Slave Law in the American South”: State v. Mann in History and Literature, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, Volume 13, Number 9, September 2003.
University of Pennsylvania, The Daily Pennsylvanian, “Inmate Lawsuit against University thrown out,” www.thedp.com, September 27, 2002
United Nations, Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner, Press Release, May 28, 2020
United States Constitution, 1789
United States Department of Justice, Press Release, April 2007
United States Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, “Federal Officials Close Investigation into Death of Alton Sterling,” May 3, 2017
Ute, Stephan, Patterson, Malcolm, Kelly, Ciara & Mair Johanna, “Organizations Driving Positive Change: A Review and an Integrative Framework of Change Processes,” Journal of Management, 2016.
Van Derbeken, Jaxon, Kuruvila Matthai, Fagan, Kevin, “100 Protesters Arrested in Oakland” San Francisco Chronicle, November 6, 2010
Viana, Ana Luiza. "Methodological approaches in public policy." Revista de Administração Pública 30.2 (1996)
Vitoroulis, Michael, International Association of Chiefs of Police, “Criminal Justice Reform, Who Will Watch the Watchers,” 2021.
Wakefield, Rebecca, “Changing Times,” Miami New Times, https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/changing-times-6339929, November 8, 2022
Washington, Harriet, A., “Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to Present,” Anchor Book, New York, 2006
Washington Post, Immigrant Killed by Police, Mourned, 1999
Washington Post, Fatal Force Database, 2021
WRAL News 3 Columbus, Georgia, December 2003
Weichselbaum, Simone, McClendon, Sachi, Garcia, Uriel, “U.S. Marshals act like local police with more violence and less accountability, The Marshall Project, March 10, 2021
Weissbrodt, David, Hortreiter, Isabel, The Principle of Non-Refoulement: Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Comparison with the Non-Refoulement Provisions of Other International Human Rights Treaties, 5 BUFF. HUM. RTS. L. REV. 1(1999), available at https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/362.
Weitzer, Ronald, Tuch, Steven, A.,” Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct: Social Problems, Volume 51, Issue 3, August 2004, p305-325.
Weitzer, Ronald, “White, Black, or Blue Cops: Race and Citizen Assessment of Police Officers,” Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 28, 2000, p313-324.
YouTube.com, ”Former SWAT negotiator talks about dealing with Dallas police ambush shooter Micah Johnson”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx3xmWIatuA&t=327s, November 6, 2022
YouTube, “'I am scared': AP obtains video of deadly arrest of Louisiana Black man,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7JD-8voMO4, November 6, 2022
YouTube.com, “The Heroes' Perspective: Officers pursue Dallas ambush gunman on July 7th, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6C4n9cd5vyQ “ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6C4n9cd5vyQ “, November 6, 2022
YouTube, Roland Martin Unfiltered, “Black LA State Trooper Expects to Be Fired After Exposing Excessive Force Against Black Drivers,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmCggR3VyGc&t=26s, November 6, 2022